It is more than charging them up and going
Batteries on Forklifts
Powered industrial trucks are used in many industries for a variety of applications. Due to increasing technological advancements, battery powered industrial trucks are becoming more and more prevalent. With longer run times, shorter recharging times and reduced emissions, this type of truck is going to become even more popular. Currently, there are numerous styles of battery operated trucks that range from small, motorized pallet trucks to much larger high lift trucks. No matter what kind of truck you have, there are similar hazards associated with their batteries and their maintenance.
Forklift Batteries
There are two styles of batteries in industrial trucks today: Lead acid or nickel-iron. Both of these batteries can pose health and safety hazards.
• Sheer weight—some batteries weigh as much as 2000 lbs. or more
• Gases emitted during charging can be highly volatile
• Corrosive chemicals exist within the battery
For these reasons, battery charging stations and the employees that work around them must be properly equipped with personal protective equipment in addition to having certain safety procedures implemented.
To protect workers from danger associated with the battery's weight, the batteries should only be removed and replaced from the forklifts using a special equipped forklift or battery cart specifically designed for transporting batteries, or even and automatic battery charger.
Batteries that are being removed or replaced should be securely placed and restrained in the cart or the forklift. Use the correct tools and follow proper procedures when moving batteries. This will ensure that the battery remains stable and does not fall.
Batteries release oxygen and hydrogen gases when they are charging. This effect, called "out gassing" is more noticeable if the battery is being overcharged. In the right concentrations, these gases can be highly explosive. Due to this "out gassing" effect, charging stations should be located in well-ventilated areas, to prevent concentrations of hydrogen and oxygen from reaching volatile levels. General or local ventilation can be provided by a fume hood or an exhaust fan. If an on-board charging system is used, the industrial truck itself should be parked in a location where there is adequate ventilation.
Sulfuric acid is a common and hazardous component in a battery. In the event of a battery acid spill, neutralizing agents should be spread on the spill. These cleanup materials should be on hand at all times. After the spill is neutralized, it can be safely cleaned up and disposed of in accordance with local ordinances. Only properly trained and authorized employees should perform an acid cleanup.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Whenever changing or servicing a battery, personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn to prevent harm if an accident should occur. The first area of concern is the weight of the battery. To protect workers against drops, proper footwear, such as steel-toe boots should be worn.
Maintaining batteries by adding water or acid also requires appropriate protection. Chemical-resistant gloves, acid apron, eyewear and face protection are a must. They will reduce the risk of injury should an acid splash occur. As stated by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.133(a)(1),
"The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, or potentially injurious light radiation."
Face protection must meet the ANSI Z87.1-1989 specifications or be proven equally effective. Faceshields are considered as secondary eye protection only. Indirect or non-vented safety goggles should also be worn to protect the eyes.
An eye/face wash and shower are other required pieces of equipment that must be in or near a battery changing area. According to OSHA 29 CFR 1910.151,
"...where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the work area for immediate emergency use."
According to ANSI Z358.1-2004, the eye/face wash and shower must be within 10 seconds in distance of the hazard and on the same level as that hazard. This unit needs to be clearly identified with proper signs and adequate lighting.
Basic Battery Charging Guidelines
In order to insure that battery changes are performed safely, certain steps should be taken. In 29 CFR 1910.178, OSHA has called out a basic battery charging and changing guidelines:
(g) Changing and charging storage batteries.
1. Battery charging installations shall be located in areas designated for that purpose.
2. Facilities shall be provided for flushing and neutralizing spilled electrolyte, for fire protection, for protecting charging apparatus from damage by trucks, and for adequate ventilation for dispersal of fumes from gassing batteries.
3. [Reserved]
4. A conveyor, overhead hoist, or equivalent material handling equipment shall be provided for handling batteries.
5. Reinstalled batteries shall be properly positioned and secured in the truck.
6. A carboy tilter or siphon shall be provided for handling electrolyte.
7. When charging batteries, acid shall be poured into water; water shall not be poured into acid.
8. Trucks shall be properly positioned and brake applied before attempting to change or charge batteries.
9. Care shall be taken to assure that vent caps are functioning. The battery (or compartment) cover(s) shall be open to dissipate heat.
10. Smoking shall be prohibited in the charging area.
11. Precautions shall be taken to prevent open flames, sparks, or electric arcs in battery charging areas.
12. Tools and other metallic objects shall be kept away from the top of uncovered batteries.
Sources for more information:
29 CFR 1910.178, Powered Industrial Trucks
29 CFR 1910.151, Medical Services and First Aid
ANSI/ASME B56.1-1993, Safety Standards for Low Lift and High Lift Trucks
ANSI/NFPA 505, Powered Industrial Trucks Including Type, Area of Use, Maintenance and Operation
Powered Industrial Truck Owner's Manual
ANSI Z358.1-2004
Commonly Asked Questions
Q. What type of gloves should be worn?
A. Workers should wear chemical-resistant gloves. The common corrosive material encountered is Sulfuric acid. If this is the case, neoprene gloves are normally sufficient.
Q. Is wetness on the top of a battery a problem?
A. Wetness around the terminals on a battery can be a sign of three things:
1. overfilling
2. excessive gassing during charging or
3. leaky seals
Not only can this be a hazard for workers but to the lift truck as well. Once wetness is detected, the problem should be corrected to prevent corrosion of the cell posts and other components. If this problem is left unattended, the top of the battery can become electrically conductive. Stray current flowing over the top of the batter drastically reduces the battery's performance.
From Canada, Calgary
11Batteries on Forklifts
Powered industrial trucks are used in many industries for a variety of applications. Due to increasing technological advancements, battery powered industrial trucks are becoming more and more prevalent. With longer run times, shorter recharging times and reduced emissions, this type of truck is going to become even more popular. Currently, there are numerous styles of battery operated trucks that range from small, motorized pallet trucks to much larger high lift trucks. No matter what kind of truck you have, there are similar hazards associated with their batteries and their maintenance.
Forklift Batteries
There are two styles of batteries in industrial trucks today: Lead acid or nickel-iron. Both of these batteries can pose health and safety hazards.
• Sheer weight—some batteries weigh as much as 2000 lbs. or more
• Gases emitted during charging can be highly volatile
• Corrosive chemicals exist within the battery
For these reasons, battery charging stations and the employees that work around them must be properly equipped with personal protective equipment in addition to having certain safety procedures implemented.
To protect workers from danger associated with the battery's weight, the batteries should only be removed and replaced from the forklifts using a special equipped forklift or battery cart specifically designed for transporting batteries, or even and automatic battery charger.
Batteries that are being removed or replaced should be securely placed and restrained in the cart or the forklift. Use the correct tools and follow proper procedures when moving batteries. This will ensure that the battery remains stable and does not fall.
Batteries release oxygen and hydrogen gases when they are charging. This effect, called "out gassing" is more noticeable if the battery is being overcharged. In the right concentrations, these gases can be highly explosive. Due to this "out gassing" effect, charging stations should be located in well-ventilated areas, to prevent concentrations of hydrogen and oxygen from reaching volatile levels. General or local ventilation can be provided by a fume hood or an exhaust fan. If an on-board charging system is used, the industrial truck itself should be parked in a location where there is adequate ventilation.
Sulfuric acid is a common and hazardous component in a battery. In the event of a battery acid spill, neutralizing agents should be spread on the spill. These cleanup materials should be on hand at all times. After the spill is neutralized, it can be safely cleaned up and disposed of in accordance with local ordinances. Only properly trained and authorized employees should perform an acid cleanup.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Whenever changing or servicing a battery, personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn to prevent harm if an accident should occur. The first area of concern is the weight of the battery. To protect workers against drops, proper footwear, such as steel-toe boots should be worn.
Maintaining batteries by adding water or acid also requires appropriate protection. Chemical-resistant gloves, acid apron, eyewear and face protection are a must. They will reduce the risk of injury should an acid splash occur. As stated by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.133(a)(1),
"The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, or potentially injurious light radiation."
Face protection must meet the ANSI Z87.1-1989 specifications or be proven equally effective. Faceshields are considered as secondary eye protection only. Indirect or non-vented safety goggles should also be worn to protect the eyes.
An eye/face wash and shower are other required pieces of equipment that must be in or near a battery changing area. According to OSHA 29 CFR 1910.151,
"...where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the work area for immediate emergency use."
According to ANSI Z358.1-2004, the eye/face wash and shower must be within 10 seconds in distance of the hazard and on the same level as that hazard. This unit needs to be clearly identified with proper signs and adequate lighting.
Basic Battery Charging Guidelines
In order to insure that battery changes are performed safely, certain steps should be taken. In 29 CFR 1910.178, OSHA has called out a basic battery charging and changing guidelines:
(g) Changing and charging storage batteries.
1. Battery charging installations shall be located in areas designated for that purpose.
2. Facilities shall be provided for flushing and neutralizing spilled electrolyte, for fire protection, for protecting charging apparatus from damage by trucks, and for adequate ventilation for dispersal of fumes from gassing batteries.
3. [Reserved]
4. A conveyor, overhead hoist, or equivalent material handling equipment shall be provided for handling batteries.
5. Reinstalled batteries shall be properly positioned and secured in the truck.
6. A carboy tilter or siphon shall be provided for handling electrolyte.
7. When charging batteries, acid shall be poured into water; water shall not be poured into acid.
8. Trucks shall be properly positioned and brake applied before attempting to change or charge batteries.
9. Care shall be taken to assure that vent caps are functioning. The battery (or compartment) cover(s) shall be open to dissipate heat.
10. Smoking shall be prohibited in the charging area.
11. Precautions shall be taken to prevent open flames, sparks, or electric arcs in battery charging areas.
12. Tools and other metallic objects shall be kept away from the top of uncovered batteries.
Sources for more information:
29 CFR 1910.178, Powered Industrial Trucks
29 CFR 1910.151, Medical Services and First Aid
ANSI/ASME B56.1-1993, Safety Standards for Low Lift and High Lift Trucks
ANSI/NFPA 505, Powered Industrial Trucks Including Type, Area of Use, Maintenance and Operation
Powered Industrial Truck Owner's Manual
ANSI Z358.1-2004
Commonly Asked Questions
Q. What type of gloves should be worn?
A. Workers should wear chemical-resistant gloves. The common corrosive material encountered is Sulfuric acid. If this is the case, neoprene gloves are normally sufficient.
Q. Is wetness on the top of a battery a problem?
A. Wetness around the terminals on a battery can be a sign of three things:
1. overfilling
2. excessive gassing during charging or
3. leaky seals
Not only can this be a hazard for workers but to the lift truck as well. Once wetness is detected, the problem should be corrected to prevent corrosion of the cell posts and other components. If this problem is left unattended, the top of the battery can become electrically conductive. Stray current flowing over the top of the batter drastically reduces the battery's performance.
From Canada, Calgary
Back to simple Chem Class before you get hurt
Due to the dangers of some acids and bases
It is very important to follow certain guidelines when working with these hazards. There are several steps that can be taken to ensure that you are promoting a safe work environment for you and your employees. Following specific lab procedures, wearing the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) and using proper storage and disposal methods are all essential to accomplishing this goal.
Good Lab Practice
Here are several key tips to practicing safety in the laboratory:
Never work in a lab alone.
Do not eat, drink or smoke in the lab.
Never mouth pipette. Use the actual mechanical devices.
Make sure that all Bunsen burners are off before you leave the lab.
Wear the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) for the hazard.
Always use secondary containment if transporting the acids or bases.
Keep the lab clean at all times.
Make sure bottles are tightly capped unless they are being heated.
If you are using hazardous chemicals, make sure your work is always done inside a laboratory hood.
Be aware of the location of spill response equipment.
Personal Protective Equipment
It is very important to wear the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) for your application. Correct eyewear, face shields, gloves, respiratory protection and chemical-resistant clothing are all things that should be taken into consideration when working with acids and bases. If you are dealing with the potential for splash, safety glasses are not sufficient. You need to wear an indirectly vented goggle for splash protection. There are three different types of protective goggles: direct vent, indirect vent and non-vented.
Direct Vent
This type of goggle offers protection from impact only. It allows air to flow in so that fogging does not occur as easily. This is NOT a good option for splash protection for that reason. It is possible when handling that the acid or base splash could come in contact with the eye through the vents. It is better to go with an indirect or non-vented goggle when handling acids and bases.
Indirect Vent
This goggle is used for protection against chemical splash. They are “capped” so that air can move freely in and out of the goggle but chemical splash and particles cannot. Because there is not as much space for the air to move, you may want to select a goggle that has an “anti-fog” coating. Indirect vented goggles do not offer protection from fumes or vapors. If you are dealing with fumes or vapors, you must use a non-vented goggle.
Non-Vented
Non-vented goggles are goggles that have no holes for air to flow through. They are used in situations where splash and/or fumes and vapors are present. They often have an “anti-fog” coating so that the goggles will not fog up while you are working.
Face Shields
Eyewear alone will not provide adequate protection from splashes to the face. Face shields protect not only the eye area from chemical splash, but also the rest of the face. Face shields are considered secondary protection and must be worn with safety glasses or goggles, as stated in ANSI Z87.1-1989.
Hand Protection
When working with acids and bases it is very important to wear hand protection (gloves) that are compatible with the chemicals you are using. If the material is not appropriate for the acid or base, you may have problems with breakthrough or degradation of the glove material. Sometimes your MSDS will tell you exactly which type of glove material is compatible with the chemical. If it does not, it is very important to do the necessary research to determine which material will be compatible. This may require contacting the business which you purchased the gloves from or visiting the Web site of the manufacturer of the glove (most of them have chemical compatibility guides available on their Web sites).
Respiratory Protection
The four most common types of respirators used in applications where acids and bases are present are air-purifying, powered air-purifying, supplied air, and SCBA (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus). The respirator that you choose should be acceptable for the acid or base that you are using and have a NIOSH approval.
Air-purifying respirators can be either full-face or half masks with mechanical or chemical cartridges to filter dusts, mists, fumes, vapors or gases. They are available in three types: disposable, reusable and disposable/reusable.
Disposable air-purifying respirators are intended to be used once or until the cartridge expires. The cartridges are permanently attached and have no replacement parts.
Reusable air-purifying respirators use both replaceable cartridges and parts. NOTE: The replaceable cartridges and parts must be from the same manufacturer to retain a NIOSH approval.
Disposable/reusable air-purifying respirators have few or no replacement parts except cartridges. When using air-purifying respirators, it is necessary to use cartridges that are going to be compatible with the acid or base you are working with. These cartridge types include:
Organic Vapors: Organic vapor cartridges are black in color and protect against organic vapors (compounds with carbon in them).**
Acid Gas: Acid gas cartridges are white in color and protect against chlorine, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide.**
P100: P100 cartridges are purple in color and it filters out particulates and aerosols (.3 microns in size or larger) at a 99.97% efficiency rate.
** A chemical cartridge respirator may only be used for exposure levels not exceeding (10X) the OEL (Occupational Exposure limit) as established in 29 CFR 191.134 (d)(3)(iii) (B)(2). If the exposure level exceeds the OEL, then a supplied air respirator must be used.
Powered air-purifying respirators use a blower to pass the contaminated air through a filter. The purified air is then delivered into a mask or hood. They filter dusts, mists, fumes, vapors and gases, just like ordinary air-purifying respirators. Powered air-purifying respirators would need to be used if the person has facial hair. Having facial hair can affect the fit of an air-purifying negative air respirator and that is why a powered air-purifying respirator would be selected.
Air-purifying respirators cannot be used in oxygen-deficient atmospheres or others deemed IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health), which can result when another gas displaces the oxygen or consumption of oxygen by a chemical reaction. Oxygen levels below 19.5% are considered to be oxygen deficient and require a source of supplied air such as an airline respirator with escape bottle or SCBA (CFR 1910.134(d)(2)(i)(a) and 1910.134(d)(2)(i)(b).
Supplied-air respirators provide the highest level of protection against highly toxic and unknown materials. Supplied air refers to self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) and air-line respirators. SCBAs have a limited air supply that is carried by the user, allowing for good mobility and fewer restrictions than air-line respirators.
Air-line respirators have an air hose that is connected to a fresh air supply from a central source. The source can be from a compressed air cylinder or air compressor that provides at least Grade D breathing air.
Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatuses (EEBAs) provide oxygen for 5, 10 or 15 minutes depending on the unit. These are for emergency situations in which a worker must escape from environments immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH).
Chemical-Resistant Clothing
Depending on the concentration of the acid and base that you are using, chemical-resistant clothing may be required. A standard lab coat may not provide enough protection for you. If concentration levels are high enough, you may even need to wear a suit that is fully encapsulated. Check your MSDS to see if there is a specific type of protective clothing required for your acid or base. If that information is not on the MSDS, try contacting the manufacturer of the chemical or the place where you purchased the acid or base.
Storage of Acids and Bases
There are several factors that should be taken into consideration when storing acids and bases. First and most important, is to make sure that acids and bases are not stored together. If there were to be a spill, chemical reactions could occur if they are stored in the same storage area. Second, make sure you check the MSDS of the acid or base to determine you are not storing incompatible chemicals together.
Also, be aware that all containers are properly labeled so that identification can be achieved as easy as possible. You should be paying close attention to expiration dates, making sure that the acid or base is disposed of on or before the expiration date. Acids and bases should be stored in an acid/base cabinet. The following is a list of some of the most common acids and bases and their specific incompatibilities. As a rule you should not be storing these acids or bases with each other.
Examples of Incompatible Acids and Bases
Acid or Base Is Incompatible and Should Not Be Mixed or Stored With
Acetic Acid Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates
Ammonia (anhydrous) Mercury, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous)
Ammonium nitrate Acids, powdered metals, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrates, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials
Bleach Acids, ammonia, drain cleaners
Chromic acid Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, alcohol, flammable liquids in general
Hydrocyanic acid Nitric acid, alkali
Hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous) Ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous)
Nitric acid (concentrated) Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids, flammable gases, copper, brass, any heavy metals
Potassium chlorate Sulfuric and other acids
Potassium hydroxide Acids, organic materials, metals and moisture
Sodium Carbonate Acids, strong bases, strong oxidizers, fluorine, aluminum, zinc, phosphorous pentoxide
Sodium Hydroxide Acids, aluminum, organ halogen compounds, nitro and chloro organic compounds, flammable liquids, nitro methane, whey solids and nitrous compounds
Sulfides Acids
Sulfuric acid
Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate (similar compounds of light metals, such as sodium, lithium)
From Canada, Calgary
Due to the dangers of some acids and bases
It is very important to follow certain guidelines when working with these hazards. There are several steps that can be taken to ensure that you are promoting a safe work environment for you and your employees. Following specific lab procedures, wearing the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) and using proper storage and disposal methods are all essential to accomplishing this goal.
Good Lab Practice
Here are several key tips to practicing safety in the laboratory:
Never work in a lab alone.
Do not eat, drink or smoke in the lab.
Never mouth pipette. Use the actual mechanical devices.
Make sure that all Bunsen burners are off before you leave the lab.
Wear the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) for the hazard.
Always use secondary containment if transporting the acids or bases.
Keep the lab clean at all times.
Make sure bottles are tightly capped unless they are being heated.
If you are using hazardous chemicals, make sure your work is always done inside a laboratory hood.
Be aware of the location of spill response equipment.
Personal Protective Equipment
It is very important to wear the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) for your application. Correct eyewear, face shields, gloves, respiratory protection and chemical-resistant clothing are all things that should be taken into consideration when working with acids and bases. If you are dealing with the potential for splash, safety glasses are not sufficient. You need to wear an indirectly vented goggle for splash protection. There are three different types of protective goggles: direct vent, indirect vent and non-vented.
Direct Vent
This type of goggle offers protection from impact only. It allows air to flow in so that fogging does not occur as easily. This is NOT a good option for splash protection for that reason. It is possible when handling that the acid or base splash could come in contact with the eye through the vents. It is better to go with an indirect or non-vented goggle when handling acids and bases.
Indirect Vent
This goggle is used for protection against chemical splash. They are “capped” so that air can move freely in and out of the goggle but chemical splash and particles cannot. Because there is not as much space for the air to move, you may want to select a goggle that has an “anti-fog” coating. Indirect vented goggles do not offer protection from fumes or vapors. If you are dealing with fumes or vapors, you must use a non-vented goggle.
Non-Vented
Non-vented goggles are goggles that have no holes for air to flow through. They are used in situations where splash and/or fumes and vapors are present. They often have an “anti-fog” coating so that the goggles will not fog up while you are working.
Face Shields
Eyewear alone will not provide adequate protection from splashes to the face. Face shields protect not only the eye area from chemical splash, but also the rest of the face. Face shields are considered secondary protection and must be worn with safety glasses or goggles, as stated in ANSI Z87.1-1989.
Hand Protection
When working with acids and bases it is very important to wear hand protection (gloves) that are compatible with the chemicals you are using. If the material is not appropriate for the acid or base, you may have problems with breakthrough or degradation of the glove material. Sometimes your MSDS will tell you exactly which type of glove material is compatible with the chemical. If it does not, it is very important to do the necessary research to determine which material will be compatible. This may require contacting the business which you purchased the gloves from or visiting the Web site of the manufacturer of the glove (most of them have chemical compatibility guides available on their Web sites).
Respiratory Protection
The four most common types of respirators used in applications where acids and bases are present are air-purifying, powered air-purifying, supplied air, and SCBA (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus). The respirator that you choose should be acceptable for the acid or base that you are using and have a NIOSH approval.
Air-purifying respirators can be either full-face or half masks with mechanical or chemical cartridges to filter dusts, mists, fumes, vapors or gases. They are available in three types: disposable, reusable and disposable/reusable.
Disposable air-purifying respirators are intended to be used once or until the cartridge expires. The cartridges are permanently attached and have no replacement parts.
Reusable air-purifying respirators use both replaceable cartridges and parts. NOTE: The replaceable cartridges and parts must be from the same manufacturer to retain a NIOSH approval.
Disposable/reusable air-purifying respirators have few or no replacement parts except cartridges. When using air-purifying respirators, it is necessary to use cartridges that are going to be compatible with the acid or base you are working with. These cartridge types include:
Organic Vapors: Organic vapor cartridges are black in color and protect against organic vapors (compounds with carbon in them).**
Acid Gas: Acid gas cartridges are white in color and protect against chlorine, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide.**
P100: P100 cartridges are purple in color and it filters out particulates and aerosols (.3 microns in size or larger) at a 99.97% efficiency rate.
** A chemical cartridge respirator may only be used for exposure levels not exceeding (10X) the OEL (Occupational Exposure limit) as established in 29 CFR 191.134 (d)(3)(iii) (B)(2). If the exposure level exceeds the OEL, then a supplied air respirator must be used.
Powered air-purifying respirators use a blower to pass the contaminated air through a filter. The purified air is then delivered into a mask or hood. They filter dusts, mists, fumes, vapors and gases, just like ordinary air-purifying respirators. Powered air-purifying respirators would need to be used if the person has facial hair. Having facial hair can affect the fit of an air-purifying negative air respirator and that is why a powered air-purifying respirator would be selected.
Air-purifying respirators cannot be used in oxygen-deficient atmospheres or others deemed IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health), which can result when another gas displaces the oxygen or consumption of oxygen by a chemical reaction. Oxygen levels below 19.5% are considered to be oxygen deficient and require a source of supplied air such as an airline respirator with escape bottle or SCBA (CFR 1910.134(d)(2)(i)(a) and 1910.134(d)(2)(i)(b).
Supplied-air respirators provide the highest level of protection against highly toxic and unknown materials. Supplied air refers to self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) and air-line respirators. SCBAs have a limited air supply that is carried by the user, allowing for good mobility and fewer restrictions than air-line respirators.
Air-line respirators have an air hose that is connected to a fresh air supply from a central source. The source can be from a compressed air cylinder or air compressor that provides at least Grade D breathing air.
Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatuses (EEBAs) provide oxygen for 5, 10 or 15 minutes depending on the unit. These are for emergency situations in which a worker must escape from environments immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH).
Chemical-Resistant Clothing
Depending on the concentration of the acid and base that you are using, chemical-resistant clothing may be required. A standard lab coat may not provide enough protection for you. If concentration levels are high enough, you may even need to wear a suit that is fully encapsulated. Check your MSDS to see if there is a specific type of protective clothing required for your acid or base. If that information is not on the MSDS, try contacting the manufacturer of the chemical or the place where you purchased the acid or base.
Storage of Acids and Bases
There are several factors that should be taken into consideration when storing acids and bases. First and most important, is to make sure that acids and bases are not stored together. If there were to be a spill, chemical reactions could occur if they are stored in the same storage area. Second, make sure you check the MSDS of the acid or base to determine you are not storing incompatible chemicals together.
Also, be aware that all containers are properly labeled so that identification can be achieved as easy as possible. You should be paying close attention to expiration dates, making sure that the acid or base is disposed of on or before the expiration date. Acids and bases should be stored in an acid/base cabinet. The following is a list of some of the most common acids and bases and their specific incompatibilities. As a rule you should not be storing these acids or bases with each other.
Examples of Incompatible Acids and Bases
Acid or Base Is Incompatible and Should Not Be Mixed or Stored With
Acetic Acid Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates
Ammonia (anhydrous) Mercury, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous)
Ammonium nitrate Acids, powdered metals, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrates, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials
Bleach Acids, ammonia, drain cleaners
Chromic acid Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, alcohol, flammable liquids in general
Hydrocyanic acid Nitric acid, alkali
Hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous) Ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous)
Nitric acid (concentrated) Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids, flammable gases, copper, brass, any heavy metals
Potassium chlorate Sulfuric and other acids
Potassium hydroxide Acids, organic materials, metals and moisture
Sodium Carbonate Acids, strong bases, strong oxidizers, fluorine, aluminum, zinc, phosphorous pentoxide
Sodium Hydroxide Acids, aluminum, organ halogen compounds, nitro and chloro organic compounds, flammable liquids, nitro methane, whey solids and nitrous compounds
Sulfides Acids
Sulfuric acid
Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate (similar compounds of light metals, such as sodium, lithium)
From Canada, Calgary
Dear All,
thanks for given the guidance and big opportunities to interact with u. yesterday i seen the safety movie to our executies and employees during the closing ceremony of safety week at our plant.
please givesome suggestion on confined space and which types of precaution will take when the work in sulphure furnace (confined space).
thanks again to all.
Regards,
Nirav
From India
thanks for given the guidance and big opportunities to interact with u. yesterday i seen the safety movie to our executies and employees during the closing ceremony of safety week at our plant.
please givesome suggestion on confined space and which types of precaution will take when the work in sulphure furnace (confined space).
thanks again to all.
Regards,
Nirav
From India
Dear Nirav
Nice to hear that you taking benefict from this site... Mr. Terry has provided with very useful links on Confined Space... Hope you already gone through it...
Let me add few tips regarding Confined Space...
1. Confined Space Entry Permit System : Mainly include in checkpoints - Positive Isolation
2. Oxygen & Sulphur & All other combustable gases within the permissable limit
3. Use of Multi gas Detector for gas monitoring - Advicable to do the same within every two hours distance.
4. Single Person accountability to ensure the safe working environment inside confined space - You can name him confined space entry supervisor. Who can be anyone ranging from a foreman to engineer who know the anticipated risks and its mitigation regarding the confined space.
5. Process flow diagram of each confined space to help the job seeker to isolate/loto of each energy sources - incoming and outgoing
6. Visual signanges in the entrance of confined space, saying don't enter without permission
7. Attender outside the confined space, who will note all the persons details who entering into the confined space.
8. All including, entrant, attendant, entry supervisor - trained properly.
9. Lighting arragement with required ELCB & Earthing protection - Not necessarly to be 24V, but to be routed through a serious of protection systems.
10. Required PPE based on the environment inside confined space
The list is very lengthy, few things only i have mentioned. Go through the following links, its specifically telling you regarding the sulphur furnace.
Furnace
Plant Safety
Now in this site itself we had earlier done a good discussion regarding confined space. Go through the below links and I am sure you feel beneficted:
https://www.citehr.com/231984-occupa...ml#post1068745
https://www.citehr.com/231984-occupa...ml#post1073112
https://www.citehr.com/246121-confin...ml#post1104390
https://www.citehr.com/191238-confin...ntry-work.html
From India
Nice to hear that you taking benefict from this site... Mr. Terry has provided with very useful links on Confined Space... Hope you already gone through it...
Let me add few tips regarding Confined Space...
1. Confined Space Entry Permit System : Mainly include in checkpoints - Positive Isolation
2. Oxygen & Sulphur & All other combustable gases within the permissable limit
3. Use of Multi gas Detector for gas monitoring - Advicable to do the same within every two hours distance.
4. Single Person accountability to ensure the safe working environment inside confined space - You can name him confined space entry supervisor. Who can be anyone ranging from a foreman to engineer who know the anticipated risks and its mitigation regarding the confined space.
5. Process flow diagram of each confined space to help the job seeker to isolate/loto of each energy sources - incoming and outgoing
6. Visual signanges in the entrance of confined space, saying don't enter without permission
7. Attender outside the confined space, who will note all the persons details who entering into the confined space.
8. All including, entrant, attendant, entry supervisor - trained properly.
9. Lighting arragement with required ELCB & Earthing protection - Not necessarly to be 24V, but to be routed through a serious of protection systems.
10. Required PPE based on the environment inside confined space
The list is very lengthy, few things only i have mentioned. Go through the following links, its specifically telling you regarding the sulphur furnace.
Furnace
Plant Safety
Now in this site itself we had earlier done a good discussion regarding confined space. Go through the below links and I am sure you feel beneficted:
https://www.citehr.com/231984-occupa...ml#post1068745
https://www.citehr.com/231984-occupa...ml#post1073112
https://www.citehr.com/246121-confin...ml#post1104390
https://www.citehr.com/191238-confin...ntry-work.html
From India
Dear Mr. Vilas
Please go through the below link. You will get some idea. Further anything specific you want to know please raise your query so that any of the forum members can help you.
https://www.citehr.com/234749-power-plant-safety.html
From India
Please go through the below link. You will get some idea. Further anything specific you want to know please raise your query so that any of the forum members can help you.
https://www.citehr.com/234749-power-plant-safety.html
From India
Every once in a while we all find a great site this one on slips trips and falls from the land down under is not bad
the last item is a alert that I found to be very interesting
http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/wps/w...df?MOD=AJPERES
http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/wps/w...df?MOD=AJPERES
http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/wps/w...df?MOD=AJPERES
http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/wps/w...df?MOD=AJPERES
http://ohsrep.org.au <link updated to site home>
http://vic.gov.au <link updated to site home>
From Canada, Calgary
the last item is a alert that I found to be very interesting
http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/wps/w...df?MOD=AJPERES
http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/wps/w...df?MOD=AJPERES
http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/wps/w...df?MOD=AJPERES
http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/wps/w...df?MOD=AJPERES
http://ohsrep.org.au <link updated to site home>
http://vic.gov.au <link updated to site home>
From Canada, Calgary
Is this the type of thermal safety you are looking for
OSH Answers: Maximum Temperature Limit for Working
HSE - Thermal Comfort: Homepage
OHS Reps @ Work : Workplace and Amenities - Offices: Temperature and humidity <link updated to site home>
CDC - Heat Stress - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie
OSH Answers: Thermal Comfort for Office Work
http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Researc...alSpraying.pdf
Thermal-Conditions:-hot-and-cold-conditions-at-work - Labour Relations and Workplace Safety - <link updated to site home> ( Search On Cite | Search On Google )
What is the maximum/minimum temperature in the workplace?
National Ag Safety Database - Preventing Cold-Related Illnesses in Agricultural Workers
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...00103-0055.pdf
From Canada, Calgary
OSH Answers: Maximum Temperature Limit for Working
HSE - Thermal Comfort: Homepage
OHS Reps @ Work : Workplace and Amenities - Offices: Temperature and humidity <link updated to site home>
CDC - Heat Stress - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie
OSH Answers: Thermal Comfort for Office Work
http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Researc...alSpraying.pdf
Thermal-Conditions:-hot-and-cold-conditions-at-work - Labour Relations and Workplace Safety - <link updated to site home> ( Search On Cite | Search On Google )
What is the maximum/minimum temperature in the workplace?
National Ag Safety Database - Preventing Cold-Related Illnesses in Agricultural Workers
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...00103-0055.pdf
From Canada, Calgary
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